India shares its borders with several countries, forming crucial relationships that influence its geopolitical landscape. These neighboring countries play significant roles in India's economy, culture, and security.

Countries Sharing Borders with India

India shares land borders with the following countries:

• Pakistan: Located to the northwest, Pakistan shares a border of about 3,323 kilometers with India. Key issues include territorial disputes over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism, impacting bilateral relations.
• China: To the north, India shares a border of approximately 3,488 kilometers with China. The two countries have a complex relationship marked by border disputes, particularly in Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh.
• Nepal: Situated to the north of India, Nepal shares a border of about 1,751 kilometers. The countries have strong cultural and historical ties, along with open borders facilitating movement.
• Bhutan: Also located to the north, Bhutan shares a border of about 699 kilometers with India. India plays a significant role in Bhutan’s economic development and security.
• Bangladesh: To the east, Bangladesh shares a border of approximately 4,096 kilometers with India. The relationship is shaped by issues such as migration, trade, and cultural connections.
• Myanmar: Located to the east, Myanmar shares a border of about 1,643 kilometers with India. The border area is significant for trade and has historical ties with India's northeastern states.

Cultural and Economic Ties

India’s neighbors are connected through deep cultural and economic ties:

• Cultural Exchange: There are significant cultural interactions between India and its neighbors, including language, religion, and traditions. For instance, Nepali and Hindi share linguistic similarities.
• Trade Relations: India engages in substantial trade with its neighbors, facilitating economic growth. For example, India is a major trading partner for Bangladesh and Nepal.
• Tourism: India attracts tourists from neighboring countries, contributing to cultural exchange and economic benefits.

Security Concerns

India’s relationships with its neighbors are also shaped by security concerns:

• Border Security: India invests in border security to address issues such as smuggling, infiltration, and cross-border terrorism, particularly along the Pakistan and Bangladesh borders.
• Geopolitical Dynamics: The influence of China in the region, especially its relationships with Pakistan and Nepal, poses strategic challenges for India.
• Insurgency and Ethnic Conflicts: In the northeastern states of India, cross-border insurgent groups operating from Myanmar and Bangladesh impact regional stability.

Diplomatic Engagements

India actively engages in diplomacy with its neighbors to foster cooperation:

• SAARC: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) provides a platform for regional dialogue, promoting economic and cultural collaboration.
• Bilateral Agreements: India has signed numerous bilateral agreements with neighbors on trade, security, and cultural exchange to enhance cooperation.
• People-to-People Contacts: Initiatives promoting people-to-people contacts, including cultural exchanges and educational programs, strengthen ties between India and its neighbors.

Recent Developments

Recent developments in India's relations with its neighbors highlight the evolving geopolitical landscape:

• Border Talks: Ongoing discussions with China regarding border issues aim to maintain peace and stability in contested areas.
• Connectivity Projects: India is investing in infrastructure projects with countries like Bangladesh and Bhutan to enhance connectivity and economic integration.
• Strategic Partnerships: Strengthening strategic partnerships, particularly with countries like Japan and the United States, influences India's regional strategy vis-à-vis its neighbors.