7.2 - Changes at Puberty

Puberty is the phase of life when a child's body undergoes significant changes to become capable of reproduction. These changes mark the transition from childhood to adolescence and are triggered by hormonal changes in the body. Puberty typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 16, though it can vary for each individual.

During puberty, various physical and emotional changes occur in both boys and girls. The changes are controlled by hormones, which are secreted by the endocrine glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males).

Physical Changes in Girls

• Development of Breasts: The first noticeable change is the development of breasts. This marks the beginning of sexual maturity in girls.
• Menstruation: Girls experience the onset of menstruation, also known as periods, which indicates that the ovaries are now releasing eggs and the body is capable of reproduction.
• Increase in Height: Girls experience a growth spurt, leading to a rapid increase in height. This typically occurs before menstruation begins.
• Widening of Hips: The pelvis and hips widen, giving the body a more rounded appearance.
• Changes in Skin and Hair: The skin may become oilier, leading to acne. Body hair starts to grow in areas like the underarms and pubic region.

Physical Changes in Boys

• Growth of Facial and Body Hair: Boys begin to grow facial hair, such as a mustache and beard, and body hair starts to appear in the underarms, chest, and pubic area.
• Deepening of Voice: The larynx (voice box) enlarges, causing the voice to deepen. This is often called the "voice break."
• Increase in Height: Like girls, boys also experience a growth spurt. However, this typically occurs later than in girls, and they tend to grow taller for a longer period.
• Muscle Development: Boys experience an increase in muscle mass and strength due to the effects of testosterone, which is the primary male sex hormone.
• Changes in Skin and Hair: Just like girls, boys also experience oily skin and the growth of body hair in the pubic and underarm regions.

Hormonal Changes

The onset of puberty is controlled by the secretion of hormones. The major hormones involved in puberty are:

• Estrogen: This hormone is mainly responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls, such as breast development and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
• Progesterone: Works in conjunction with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the body for pregnancy.
• Testosterone: This hormone is responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth.
• Growth Hormone: This hormone is responsible for the growth spurt in both boys and girls.

Emotional and Psychological Changes

Along with physical changes, puberty also brings about emotional and psychological changes. Adolescents may experience mood swings, increased sensitivity, and a desire for independence. These emotional changes are largely due to hormonal fluctuations and the psychological adjustment to the new body image and social roles.

During this period, adolescents may also develop a greater interest in the opposite sex and begin to experience sexual feelings. This is a normal part of growing up, although it may be confusing or overwhelming for some.

Menstruation and Its Significance

Menstruation, which is unique to females, is a key indicator that the body is becoming capable of reproduction. The menstrual cycle is regulated by the release of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, and it generally lasts about 28 days. The cycle involves the shedding of the uterine lining if pregnancy does not occur, resulting in a monthly period.

Male Reproductive System Changes

In addition to the external changes in boys, puberty also affects the internal reproductive system. The testes begin producing sperm, and the male reproductive organs such as the penis and testes increase in size. These changes enable boys to father children once they reach full maturity.

The hormonal changes and physical transformations that occur during puberty are crucial for an individual’s sexual maturation and the ability to reproduce in the future.