Solution:

(i) The place that receives the highest rainfall in the world is (b) Mawsynram.

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as (b) Loo.

(iii) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in (c) Early June.

(iv) The cold weather season in India is characterised by (c) Cool days and cold nights.

Solution:

Controls Affecting the Climate of India

The climate of India is influenced by various factors including latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and monsoon winds. The Himalayas block cold winds from the north, while the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal moderate temperatures.

Monsoon Type of Climate

India has a monsoon climate due to its geographical position, which facilitates the seasonal reversal of winds. The southwest monsoon brings heavy rainfall from June to September, while dry winter winds prevail from November to February.

Highest Diurnal Range of Temperature

The Thar Desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature due to its arid conditions and lack of vegetation. Daytime temperatures can soar, while nights are cooler.

Winds and Rainfall along the Malabar Coast

The southwest monsoon winds, which originate from the Arabian Sea, are responsible for the heavy rainfall along the Malabar coast, as they are forced to rise over the Western Ghats.

Definition of Monsoons

Monsoons are seasonal winds that change direction and bring distinct wet and dry periods. A “break” in monsoon refers to a temporary pause in rainfall during the monsoon season.

Monsoon as a Unifying Bond

The monsoon serves as a unifying bond by influencing agriculture, water supply, and economic activities across diverse regions of India, thus linking various cultural and regional identities.

Solution:

Rainfall Decrease from East to West in Northern India

In Northern India, rainfall decreases from east to west primarily due to the orographic effect and the presence of the Himalayas. The eastern regions, such as West Bengal and Assam, receive moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal, resulting in heavy rainfall. As these winds travel westward, they encounter the Himalayas, which trap moisture and cause heavy precipitation on the windward side. By the time the air descends on the leeward side, it becomes dry, leading to significantly reduced rainfall in areas like Punjab and Haryana.

Solution:

Reasons for Weather Phenomena in India

(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction occurs due to the differential heating of land and water, creating pressure differences. In summer, land heats up faster, causing low pressure, while winter sees the opposite.

(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India occurs during the monsoon months due to the southwest monsoon winds, which bring moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean, leading to heavy rains.

(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of the northeast monsoon, where winds pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal, resulting in precipitation.

(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones due to its geographical location and warm ocean waters, which enhance cyclone formation during the monsoon season.

(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because they receive less rainfall due to the rain shadow effect, where the mountains block moisture-laden winds.

Solution:

Regional Variations in Climatic Conditions of India

India exhibits diverse climatic conditions influenced by geography. The northern region experiences a continental climate with cold winters and hot summers, exemplified by Delhi. The western desert of Rajasthan has an arid climate, characterized by low rainfall and high temperatures. The coastal regions, like Mumbai, experience a tropical climate with high humidity and heavy monsoon rains. In contrast, the northeastern states, such as Assam, receive abundant rainfall, making them humid and lush. The Himalayan region has an alpine climate, with snow-capped peaks and cold temperatures throughout the year, impacting local ecosystems.

Solution:

Weather Conditions and Characteristics of the Cold Season

The cold season in India, typically from December to February, is characterized by cooler temperatures and dry conditions. Northern regions experience significant temperature drops, with some areas in the Himalayas witnessing snowfall. The plains, including cities like Delhi, have chilly mornings and clear skies. Fog is common, reducing visibility. In southern India, temperatures remain relatively mild. During this season, high-pressure systems dominate, leading to stable weather conditions. The absence of monsoon rains results in low humidity, and agricultural activities, particularly harvesting of rabi crops, peak during this period due to favorable conditions.

Solution:

Characteristics and Effects of Monsoon Rainfall in India

The monsoon in India is characterized by seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall, primarily from June to September. It has two main phases: the southwest monsoon and the retreating monsoon. The southwest monsoon is crucial for agriculture, providing about 80% of India's annual rainfall. The rainfall patterns vary, with coastal areas receiving more rain than interior regions. The effects include replenishment of groundwater, irrigation for crops, and influencing agricultural cycles. However, excessive rainfall can lead to flooding, landslides, and crop damage, while inadequate rainfall causes droughts, affecting food security and livelihoods.