Solution:
(i) To which one of the following types of vegetation does rubber belong to?
(d) Tropical Evergreen

(ii) Cinchona trees are found in the areas of rainfall more than
(a) 100 cm

(iii) In which of the following states is the Simlipal bio-reserve located?
(c) Odisha

(iv) Which one of the following bio-reserves of India is not included in the world network of bioreserve?
(d) Panna

Solution:

What is a Bio-reserve?

A bio-reserve is a designated area that aims to conserve biodiversity, including ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It combines protected areas and surrounding landscapes to promote sustainable development. Examples include the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in India and the Manas Biosphere Reserve in Assam.

Animals in Tropical and Montane Vegetation

In tropical vegetation, examples of animals include the Bengal tiger and the Asian elephant. In montane vegetation, species such as the snow leopard and the Himalayan black bear can be found.

Solution:

Flora and Fauna

Flora refers to the plant life found in a particular region or ecosystem, including trees, shrubs, and grasses. Fauna, on the other hand, denotes the animal life in that area, encompassing mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Together, they form the biodiversity of an ecosystem.

Tropical Evergreen and Deciduous Forests

Tropical evergreen forests are dense, multi-layered forests that remain green year-round and receive high rainfall. In contrast, deciduous forests shed their leaves in the dry season, experiencing seasonal changes and moderate rainfall. Deciduous forests are less dense compared to evergreen forests.

Solution:

Types of Vegetation in India

India has diverse types of vegetation, including tropical rainforests, deciduous forests, thorn forests, mountain forests, and mangroves. The vegetation of high altitudes, such as the Himalayan region, consists of alpine forests and tundra. These areas are characterized by coniferous trees like pine and fir at lower altitudes, transitioning to shrubs and grasses at higher elevations. Above the tree line, the tundra features mosses and lichens adapted to harsh conditions, with limited vegetation due to cold temperatures and short growing seasons.

Solution:

Reasons for Endangerment of Species in India

Several factors contribute to the endangerment of plant and animal species in India. Habitat loss due to urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation significantly impacts biodiversity. Pollution of air, water, and soil affects both flora and fauna, leading to declining populations. Overexploitation of resources, including poaching and illegal wildlife trade, poses a severe threat. Climate change further exacerbates these issues, altering habitats and food availability. Invasive species disrupt local ecosystems, outcompeting native species. Conservation efforts are essential to mitigate these threats and protect India's rich biodiversity.

Solution:

India's Rich Heritage of Flora and Fauna

India boasts a rich heritage of flora and fauna due to its diverse climatic zones, ranging from tropical to temperate. The country's varied topography, including mountains, plains, and coastal regions, provides numerous habitats. India's geographical location at the intersection of various biogeographical regions enhances biodiversity. The monsoon season supports lush vegetation, while the presence of numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries promotes conservation. Cultural factors, such as traditional practices and respect for nature, also contribute to the preservation of many species. This unique combination fosters a vibrant ecosystem with a wealth of plant and animal life.