Solution:

Fill in the blanks with correct answers:

(a) A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called Wildlife Sanctuary.

(b) Species found only in a particular area is known as Endemic Species.

(c) Migratory birds fly to far away places because of Seasonal changes.

Solution:

(a) Wildlife Sanctuary and Biosphere Reserve

Wildlife Sanctuary: A wildlife sanctuary is a protected area where animals and plants are kept safe from hunting, poaching, or any other human interference. It focuses primarily on conserving wildlife and their habitats.

Biosphere Reserve: A biosphere reserve is a larger area that conserves not only wildlife but also the ecosystems and biodiversity. It often includes human activities, balancing conservation with sustainable development. It may contain wildlife sanctuaries within its area.

(b) Zoo and Wildlife Sanctuary

Zoo: A zoo is a facility where animals are kept in captivity for public display, education, and conservation purposes. The animals in a zoo are often kept in enclosures and may not live in their natural habitat.

Wildlife Sanctuary: A wildlife sanctuary is a natural habitat where animals are protected and allowed to live freely in the wild. Human intervention is minimal, and the animals are not kept in captivity.

(c) Endangered and Extinct Species

Endangered Species: Endangered species are those that are at risk of becoming extinct due to a rapid decrease in their population or habitat destruction. Conservation efforts are usually made to protect them.

Extinct Species: Extinct species are those that no longer exist anywhere on Earth. The last individual of the species has died, and there is no hope of recovery.

(d) Flora and Fauna

Flora: Flora refers to the plant life of a particular region or environment, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plants.

Fauna: Fauna refers to the animal life of a particular region or environment, including mammals, birds, insects, and other animals.

Solution:

(a) Wild animals

Deforestation leads to the destruction of the natural habitat of wild animals. It reduces the availability of food, shelter, and breeding grounds for many species. As forests are cleared, many animals are forced to migrate or face the risk of extinction. Loss of biodiversity is a major consequence of deforestation.

(b) Environment

Deforestation causes severe environmental issues. It leads to soil erosion, reduces the quality of air and water, and disrupts the carbon cycle. Trees play a vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide, and without them, the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere rise, contributing to climate change.

(c) Villages (Rural areas)

In rural areas, deforestation can affect the livelihoods of people who depend on forests for resources like fuelwood, timber, and medicinal plants. It can also lead to a reduction in rainfall, affecting agriculture and water availability, which are crucial for the survival of rural communities.

(d) Cities (Urban areas)

In urban areas, deforestation can worsen air quality and contribute to the urban heat island effect, where cities become significantly hotter than surrounding rural areas. This can lead to health problems like respiratory issues and increase the demand for cooling systems, making cities more energy-intensive.

(e) Earth

On a global scale, deforestation accelerates climate change by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The loss of forests also disrupts the water cycle, leading to irregular rainfall patterns and droughts. Forests play a key role in regulating the Earth's temperature and weather systems.

(f) The next generation

Deforestation jeopardizes the well-being of future generations by depleting natural resources and contributing to environmental degradation. The loss of forests means that the next generation may face challenges such as food insecurity, water shortages, and increased natural disasters like floods and droughts.

Solution:

What will happen if:

(a) We go on cutting trees:

If we continue cutting trees, it will lead to deforestation. This will result in loss of biodiversity, as many plants and animals depend on trees for food and shelter. Additionally, cutting trees increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and global warming.

(b) The habitat of an animal is disturbed:

If the habitat of an animal is disturbed, it can lead to the displacement or extinction of that species. Animals may struggle to find food, water, or shelter, and may become more vulnerable to predators. Habitat loss can also lead to a decrease in population size, and in some cases, animals may be forced to migrate or adapt to new conditions.

(c) The top layer of soil is exposed:

If the top layer of soil is exposed, it can result in soil erosion. This will reduce soil fertility, making it harder for plants to grow. Exposed soil is also more likely to be washed away by rain, leading to loss of nutrients and a decrease in agricultural productivity. Moreover, erosion can contribute to the sedimentation of rivers and lakes, affecting aquatic life.

Solution:

(a) Why should we conserve biodiversity?

We should conserve biodiversity to maintain ecosystem stability, support food chains, and preserve natural resources for future generations. It also ensures the survival of species and helps maintain the balance of nature.

(b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why?

Protected forests may not be completely safe due to illegal hunting, poaching, human-wildlife conflict, and encroachment by human settlements. These activities threaten the habitat and survival of wild animals.

(c) Some tribals depend on the jungle. How?

Tribal communities depend on the jungle for food, medicine, wood, and materials for shelter. They also rely on the forest for livelihood activities like hunting, gathering, and agriculture.

(d) What are the causes and consequences of deforestation?

Causes of deforestation include urbanization, agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. The consequences include loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, and disruption of the water cycle.

(e) What is Red Data Book?

The Red Data Book is a document that lists species that are endangered or at risk of extinction. It is used to raise awareness and promote conservation efforts for these species.

(f) What do you understand by the term migration?

Migration refers to the seasonal or long-term movement of animals or people from one place to another, typically for reasons such as food, breeding, or climate conditions.

Solution:

Is it justified to cut trees for such projects?

The increasing demand for land in factories and shelter has led to widespread deforestation. Trees are being cut down to make way for urbanization, industries, and housing. While this provides space for economic development, it has serious environmental consequences.

First, trees play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. They absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, making them vital for air quality. Cutting down trees reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere and increases the levels of carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming and climate change.

Secondly, trees help in preventing soil erosion. Their roots bind the soil together, and without them, the soil becomes loose and more susceptible to being washed away by rain, which can lead to landslides and flooding. The loss of trees also affects the habitat of many species of animals, birds, and insects that depend on forests for shelter and food.

Furthermore, forests are a source of medicinal plants, raw materials, and other resources. The destruction of forests means the loss of these valuable resources, which can affect local economies and healthcare systems.

While it is necessary to develop infrastructure and industries to support growing populations and economies, it is equally important to consider alternative approaches to meet these demands without causing irreversible harm to the environment. Sustainable practices like afforestation, urban planning, and using alternatives to wood in construction can help reduce the negative impact of deforestation.

Solution:

How can you contribute to the maintenance of green wealth of your locality?

• Plant trees and maintain a garden in your locality.
• Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to protect the soil and plants.
• Encourage others to plant more trees and maintain green spaces.
• Promote the use of organic farming practices.
• Ensure proper waste disposal and avoid littering to prevent soil pollution.
• Participate in community clean-up drives and tree plantation campaigns.
• Support and promote local green initiatives and environmental organizations.
• Reduce, reuse, and recycle to minimize environmental harm.
• Ensure proper watering of plants and trees, especially during dry seasons.
• Educate others about the importance of green wealth and the environment.

Solution:

How Deforestation Leads to Reduced Rainfall

Deforestation refers to the large-scale cutting down of trees and clearing of forests. Trees play a crucial role in the water cycle and in maintaining rainfall patterns. Here's how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall:

1. Evapotranspiration: Trees release water vapor into the atmosphere through a process called transpiration. When trees are removed, this process is reduced, leading to less moisture being released into the air.
2. Less Water Vapour in the Atmosphere: Without sufficient trees, there is less moisture in the air. This leads to reduced cloud formation, which in turn decreases the chances of rainfall.
3. Disruption of the Water Cycle: Forests help in maintaining the natural water cycle by absorbing rainwater, which is then released slowly into rivers and streams. Deforestation disrupts this cycle, reducing the availability of water vapor needed for rainfall.
4. Changes in Temperature: The loss of trees also affects the local climate. Without trees to provide shade, temperatures may rise, which can further reduce the moisture in the air, leading to less rainfall.
5. Soil Erosion: Deforestation leads to soil erosion, which reduces the ability of the land to retain water. This further reduces moisture availability in the atmosphere and contributes to lower rainfall.

Solution:

National Parks in Maharashtra

Maharashtra is home to several national parks that preserve the rich biodiversity and natural beauty of the region. Here are some of the major national parks in Maharashtra:

• Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Located in the outskirts of Mumbai, it is one of the most visited parks in India, known for its diverse flora and fauna.
• Pench National Park: Situated in the Vidarbha region, it is known for its rich wildlife, particularly the Bengal tiger.
• Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in the Kolhapur district, it is a biodiversity hotspot with many species of plants and animals.
• Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve: Located in the Chandrapur district, it is one of the oldest and largest national parks in Maharashtra and is famous for its population of tigers.
• Gugamal National Park: Situated in the Amravati district, it is part of the Melghat Tiger Reserve and is known for its rich flora and fauna.
• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary: Located in the northern part of the state, it is known for being one of the richest bird habitats in India.

To identify and locate these national parks on the outline map of India, you can mark the following approximate locations:

• Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Near Mumbai, in the western part of Maharashtra.
• Pench National Park: Located in the Vidarbha region, in the eastern part of Maharashtra, near the Madhya Pradesh border.
• Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in the southern part of Maharashtra, near Kolhapur.
• Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve: In the eastern part of Maharashtra, near Chandrapur.
• Gugamal National Park: In the Melghat region, located in the northern part of Maharashtra.
• Thattekad Bird Sanctuary: In the northernmost part of Maharashtra, near the border with Madhya Pradesh.

National Parks in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is home to several national parks that are rich in biodiversity and are important for conservation. Below is a list of some prominent national parks in Tamil Nadu:

• Mudumalai National Park: Located in the Nilgiri Hills, it is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park: Situated in the Western Ghats, it is known for its rich flora and fauna.
• Guindy National Park: A small park located within the city of Chennai, famous for its dry thorn forests and diverse wildlife.
• Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: A significant tiger reserve located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu, part of the Western Ghats.
• Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary: Known for its migratory birds, it is located on the southern coast of Tamil Nadu.
• Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary: Famous for the endangered grizzled giant squirrel, located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu.
• Annaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary: A large sanctuary located in the Western Ghats, known for its diverse ecosystems.

Location on the Outline Map of India

On an outline map of India, the national parks in Tamil Nadu are primarily located in the southern region of the country. Some parks like Mudumalai and Indira Gandhi are located in the Western Ghats, which forms the boundary between Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Other parks like Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are found near the southernmost parts of Tamil Nadu, close to the Kerala border. Guindy National Park is located in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu.

Solution:

Why should paper be saved?

Saving paper is important for several reasons:

• Conserves trees and prevents deforestation.
• Reduces the environmental impact of paper production, including energy use and pollution.
• Helps in saving water as paper production requires large amounts of water.
• Reduces waste and helps in recycling, which lowers landfill waste.
• Minimizes the carbon footprint associated with paper manufacturing and transportation.

Ways to save paper:

• Use both sides of the paper before discarding it.
• Use digital devices for reading, writing, and note-taking to reduce paper consumption.
• Print only when necessary and try to reduce the number of printed pages.
• Reuse old papers for drawing or as scrap paper.
• Recycle paper after use to prevent it from ending up in landfills.
• Choose paper products made from recycled materials.
• Switch to online bills and receipts instead of paper versions.
• Use notebooks with removable and reusable pages.

Solution:

Down

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