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Growth of Nationalism in Colonies and Anti-Colonial Movement

The growth of nationalism in colonies is closely linked to anti-colonial movements as people sought to assert their identity and rights against foreign domination. Nationalism fostered a sense of unity and purpose, motivating individuals to challenge colonial rule, leading to organized resistance and demands for independence.

First World War and India's National Movement

The First World War (1914-1918) significantly impacted India's National Movement by exacerbating economic hardships and political discontent. Many Indians contributed to the war effort, expecting greater autonomy in return. However, the post-war repressive measures intensified demands for self-rule and united diverse groups in the struggle for independence.

Outrage over the Rowlatt Act

Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act of 1919 as it allowed the colonial government to detain individuals without trial and suppress civil liberties. This law was seen as a blatant violation of fundamental rights and an extension of oppressive control, leading to widespread protests and resentment against British rule.

Gandhiji's Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 after the violent incident at Chauri Chaura, where protestors killed policemen. He believed that the movement had deviated from its non-violent principles and felt it was crucial to maintain the integrity of the struggle for Indian independence.

Solution:

Idea of Satyagraha

Satyagraha is a philosophical concept developed by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing non-violent resistance and truth in the struggle against oppression. The term combines "satya," meaning truth, and "agraha," meaning insistence or holding firmly. Satyagraha seeks to confront injustice through peaceful means, promoting dialogue and moral authority over violence. It encourages individuals to resist tyranny while adhering to principles of non-violence and compassion. Gandhi applied this approach during various movements, notably in India's struggle for independence, demonstrating that collective action rooted in ethical beliefs could effectively challenge colonial rule and inspire societal change.

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Newspaper Report: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Amritsar, April 13, 1919 – A tragic incident occurred at Jallianwala Bagh today, where British troops opened fire on a large gathering of unarmed Indian civilians protesting against repressive laws. An estimated 1,000 people were killed, and many more were injured as General Dyer ordered his men to fire without warning. This brutal act of violence has sparked outrage across the nation, with calls for justice and independence from British rule growing louder. The massacre marks a dark chapter in India's struggle for freedom, igniting widespread condemnation and fueling the demand for self-governance.

Newspaper Report: The Simon Commission

Delhi, October 1928 – The arrival of the Simon Commission has stirred significant unrest among Indian leaders and citizens alike. Formed to discuss constitutional reforms, the Commission arrived without any Indian representatives, prompting widespread protests. Nationalist leaders, including Gandhi and Nehru, have denounced the Commission as a symbol of British disregard for Indian aspirations. Demonstrations erupted across major cities, demanding the inclusion of Indian voices in the decision-making process. The Commission's visit highlights the growing discontent with colonial policies and emphasizes the need for genuine representation in India’s governance.

Solution:

Comparison of Bharat Mata and Germania

Bharat Mata and Germania are both symbolic representations of their respective nations, embodying the ideals of nationalism. Bharat Mata is depicted as a serene, motherly figure often adorned in traditional Indian attire, symbolizing unity and the nurturing aspect of the nation. In contrast, Germania is portrayed as a strong, warrior-like woman, emphasizing strength and the struggle for unity among German states. While Bharat Mata evokes a sense of love and devotion towards the motherland, Germania represents courage and the fight for national identity. Both images inspire patriotism and highlight the aspirations of their peoples.