The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body and plays a crucial role in the functioning of democracy. It is responsible for making laws, debating policies, and representing the interests of the citizens.

1. Structure of Parliament

The Indian Parliament consists of two houses:

• Lok Sabha (House of the People): The Lok Sabha is the lower house, composed of Members of Parliament (MPs) directly elected by the people through general elections. It has a total of 545 members, with 543 elected and 2 nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community.
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States): The Rajya Sabha is the upper house, consisting of representatives elected by the state legislative assemblies and the President. It has a maximum strength of 250 members, of which 238 are elected and 12 are nominated for their expertise in specific fields.

2. Functions of Parliament

The Parliament performs several key functions:

• Legislation: The primary function of Parliament is to make laws. Bills can be introduced in either house, and must be approved by both to become law.
• Budget Approval: Parliament has the authority to approve the annual budget presented by the government, which outlines revenue and expenditure.
• Representation: MPs represent the views and interests of their constituents, ensuring that diverse opinions are considered in the legislative process.
• Oversight: Parliament holds the executive accountable through questioning, debates, and discussions. It can summon ministers to explain government actions and decisions.

3. Legislative Process

The legislative process involves several stages:

• Introduction of a Bill: A bill can be proposed by a minister (Government Bill) or by any MP (Private Member's Bill). It is then introduced in one of the houses.
• Debate and Amendments: The bill is debated, and members can propose amendments. This process allows for thorough discussion and refinement of the legislation.
• Voting: After debate, the bill is put to a vote. If passed by the house where it was introduced, it moves to the other house for consideration.
• Presidential Assent: Once both houses pass the bill, it is sent to the President for approval. The President can either sign it into law or return it for reconsideration.

4. Role of the Speaker

The Speaker plays a vital role in the Lok Sabha:

• Neutral Arbiter: The Speaker is responsible for maintaining order during debates, ensuring that parliamentary procedures are followed, and remaining impartial.
• Facilitator of Discussion: The Speaker decides who can speak during debates and manages the time allocated for discussions.

5. Sessions of Parliament

Parliament meets in sessions throughout the year:

• Budget Session: Typically held in February-March, this session focuses on discussing the annual budget.
• Monsoon Session: Usually held in July-August, this session addresses various legislative matters.
• Winter Session: Conducted in November-December, this session often includes discussions on pending bills.

6. Parliamentary Committees

Parliament operates through various committees:

• Types of Committees: These include Standing Committees, Select Committees, and Ad hoc Committees, which focus on specific issues or legislation.
• Functionality: Committees conduct detailed scrutiny of bills and policies, facilitating informed decision-making in Parliament.

7. Challenges Faced by Parliament

Despite its critical role, Parliament faces several challenges:

• Disruptions: Frequent disruptions and protests during sessions can hinder effective functioning and legislative work.
• Political Rivalry: Partisan politics can obstruct consensus-building and delay important legislation.
• Public Perception: There is often a gap between public expectations and the actual performance of Parliament, leading to disillusionment among citizens.

8. Importance of Parliament in Democracy

The Parliament is essential for a functioning democracy:

• Guardians of Rights: It protects the rights of citizens and ensures that the government acts in their best interest.
• Platform for Debate: Parliament serves as a platform for discussing diverse issues, allowing for public participation in governance.