3.4 - Some Natural Resources are Limited

Natural resources like coal and petroleum are essential for our daily life and economic development. However, these resources are limited, and their availability is not infinite. This subtopic focuses on understanding the finite nature of some natural resources, particularly coal and petroleum.

1. Limited Availability of Coal:

Coal is a non-renewable resource, meaning that once it is extracted and used, it cannot be replaced in a short time span. The formation of coal takes millions of years under specific conditions of heat and pressure, and the current reserves of coal are limited. We have a finite amount of coal reserves, and over-exploitation can lead to the depletion of these resources.

2. Limited Availability of Petroleum:

Similar to coal, petroleum is a non-renewable resource. It is formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms, which over millions of years undergo complex chemical changes to form petroleum. The process of formation is extremely slow, and the extraction rate often exceeds the natural replenishment rate. This results in limited availability.

3. Rate of Consumption:

The rapid increase in population and industrial activities has led to a surge in the demand for energy sources like coal and petroleum. As the demand rises, the rate at which these resources are consumed accelerates. This further exacerbates the problem of their limited supply. The overuse of fossil fuels has led to their depletion in many regions, and experts predict that some reserves may last only for a few more decades if current consumption patterns continue.

4. Environmental Impact:

In addition to the limited supply, the extraction and use of coal and petroleum have significant environmental consequences. Burning coal and petroleum releases harmful gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), contributing to global warming and climate change. Furthermore, mining activities can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, and water pollution. These environmental concerns highlight the need to find alternative, sustainable sources of energy.

5. The Need for Renewable Resources:

Given the limited nature of coal and petroleum, it is important to transition to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. These resources are abundant and can be replenished naturally over time. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable resources do not deplete over time, making them a more sustainable option for the future.

6. Energy Conservation:

Energy conservation is also a crucial aspect of managing limited resources. By using energy more efficiently, we can reduce our dependence on coal and petroleum. Simple steps like switching off lights when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and promoting public transportation can significantly reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.

7. Formula for Energy Content:

The energy content of coal can be calculated using the formula:

$E = m \times C_v$

Where:

• $E$ is the energy produced (in joules),
• $m$ is the mass of the coal (in kilograms), and
• $C_v$ is the calorific value of coal (in joules per kilogram).

In a similar way, the energy released during the combustion of petroleum can be calculated using its calorific value. These formulas help in understanding how much energy can be extracted from fossil fuels and highlight the importance of energy efficiency and conservation.

8. Conclusion:

As we continue to consume these limited resources at a rapid pace, it becomes essential to find sustainable alternatives and reduce our dependence on coal and petroleum. The future of energy lies in the adoption of renewable sources and conservation practices that protect the environment and ensure a steady supply of energy for generations to come.