5.4-Transportation

5.4-Transportation Important Formulae

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Transportation is a vital life process that involves the movement of substances, such as nutrients, gases, and waste products, within an organism. This process is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring that cells receive the necessary materials for metabolism and other functions.

5.4.1 Importance of Transportation

Transportation plays several essential roles in living organisms:

  • Supply of Nutrients: It ensures that nutrients absorbed from the digestive system are delivered to all cells in the body.
  • Gas Exchange: Transportation is responsible for the movement of oxygen to cells for respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration.
  • Removal of Wastes: It helps in the efficient removal of metabolic waste products from the body, maintaining internal balance.
  • Hormonal Regulation: Hormones produced by glands are transported through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes.
5.4.2 Types of Transportation in Organisms
Transportation can be classified into two main types: circulatory transport and cellular transport.
5.4.3 Circulatory Transport

Circulatory transport involves the movement of substances through a specialized circulatory system. There are two primary types of circulatory systems:

  • Open Circulatory System: In this system, blood is not confined to blood vessels. Instead, it flows freely in the body cavity, bathing the organs directly. This system is common in arthropods (like insects) and some mollusks.
  • Closed Circulatory System: In this system, blood circulates within a network of blood vessels. This allows for more efficient transport of substances and is found in annelids (like earthworms) and vertebrates, including humans.
5.4.4 Components of the Human Circulatory System

The human circulatory system is composed of the following key components:

  • Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
  • Blood Vessels: There are three main types of blood vessels:
    • Arteries: Vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body tissues. The aorta is the largest artery.
    • Veins: Vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They contain valves to prevent backflow.
    • Capillaries: Microscopic vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs between blood and tissues.
  • Blood: The fluid connective tissue that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
5.4.5 Process of Transportation in Humans

The process of transportation in humans involves several steps:

  • Oxygen Transport: Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs, where it diffuses into the blood. Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen and carries it to body tissues.
  • Nutrient Transport: After digestion, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines and transported to cells for energy and growth.
  • Waste Removal: Carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration is carried back to the lungs to be exhaled. Urea and other waste products are transported to the kidneys for excretion.
5.4.6 Cellular Transport

Cellular transport involves the movement of substances across cell membranes. This can occur through:

  • Passive Transport: Movement of substances without the use of energy. This includes:
    • Diffusion: The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
    • Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Active Transport: The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP). This is essential for the uptake of nutrients and ions.

5.4-Transportation

जीवों में पोषक तत्वों, गैसों और अन्य जरूरी पदार्थों का परिवहन विभिन्न जीवन प्रक्रियाओं का हिस्सा है। यह प्रक्रिया शरीर के विभिन्न हिस्सों में जरूरी पदार्थों की आपूर्ति के लिए होती है। यह पदार्थ रक्त (ह्यूमोरल परिवहन) या अन्य तरल पदार्थों द्वारा एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर भेजे जाते हैं।

मनुष्यों और जानवरों में यह प्रक्रिया रक्त संचार तंत्र (Circulatory System) द्वारा की जाती है।

1. मानवों में परिवहन तंत्र

मानव शरीर में परिवहन तंत्र रक्त प्रणाली (Circulatory System) द्वारा नियंत्रित होता है, जिसमें रक्त वाहिकाओं, हृदय और रक्त का समावेश होता है। रक्त के माध्यम से शरीर के विभिन्न हिस्सों में ऑक्सीजन, पोषक तत्व, हार्मोन और अपशिष्ट पदार्थों का परिवहन होता है।

2. रक्त और रक्त वाहिकाएं

रक्त में तीन मुख्य प्रकार के कण होते हैं:

  • लाल रक्त कण (RBCs): ये ऑक्सीजन का परिवहन करते हैं।
  • सफेद रक्त कण (WBCs): ये शरीर की रक्षा करते हैं और संक्रमण से लड़ते हैं।
  • प्लेटलेट्स (Platelets): ये रक्त के थक्के (Clot) बनाने में मदद करते हैं।

रक्त में एक तरल पदार्थ होता है जिसे प्लाज्मा कहते हैं, जिसमें पानी, नमक, प्रोटीन, हार्मोन, और अन्य अपशिष्ट पदार्थ मिलते हैं। रक्त वाहिकाओं में तीन मुख्य प्रकार की वाहिकाएं होती हैं:

  • धमनियां (Arteries): ये हृदय से रक्त को शरीर के विभिन्न अंगों तक ले जाती हैं।
  • शिराएं (Veins): ये शरीर से रक्त को हृदय तक वापस लाती हैं।
  • केपिलरीज (Capillaries): ये रक्त वाहिकाएं अत्यंत पतली होती हैं, और यह अंगों के कोशिकाओं तक पोषक तत्व और ऑक्सीजन पहुंचाती हैं।
3. रक्त परिसंचरण

मानवों में दो प्रकार का रक्त परिसंचरण होता है:

  • सामान्य परिसंचरण (Systemic Circulation): हृदय से रक्त पूरे शरीर में पहुंचता है और फिर शरीर से वापस हृदय तक आता है।
  • पल्मोनरी परिसंचरण (Pulmonary Circulation): हृदय से रक्त फेफड़ों में जाता है, जहां यह ऑक्सीजन प्राप्त करता है और फिर हृदय में लौटता है।
4. पौधों में परिवहन

पौधों में परिवहन की प्रक्रिया को पानी और पोषक तत्वों का परिवहन कहते हैं, जो विशेष रूप से पानी और खनिज तत्वों को जड़ से पत्तियों तक ले जाता है। पौधों में परिवहन के दो मुख्य तंत्र होते हैं:

  • Xylem: यह तंतु जल और खनिजों का परिवहन करते हैं।
  • Phloem: यह तंतु पत्तियों से बने भोजन (ग्लूकोज) को अन्य हिस्सों तक भेजते हैं।
5. परिवहन की प्रक्रिया में सहायक बल

पानी और खनिजों का पौधों में परिवहन प्रक्रिया को सार्वजनिक परिवहन के सिद्धांतों से समझा जा सकता है। यह बल मुख्य रूप से दो प्रमुख बलों द्वारा नियंत्रित होता है:

  • संवेदन बल (Transpirational Pull): पत्तियों में पानी की वाष्पीकरण के कारण जड़ों से पानी ऊपर की ओर खींचा जाता है।
  • सम्भावन बल (Root Pressure): जड़ों में पानी के बढ़ते दबाव के कारण पानी ऊपर की ओर चढ़ता है।
6. समीकरण और सूत्र

पानी और पोषक तत्वों के परिवहन के लिए ओस्मोसिस और वाष्पीकरण की भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण होती है। पानी की आवाजाही को समझने के लिए निम्नलिखित समीकरण का उपयोग किया जा सकता है:

वाष्पीकरण का दर, $E = K \cdot (C_1 - C_2)$

यहां $K$ एक स्थिरांक है, $C_1$ और $C_2$ वाष्प दाब के मान हैं।

What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these components?

Solution:

The transport system includes blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients; blood vessels transport blood throughout the body; the heart pumps blood, maintaining circulation and regulating blood flow to various organs.

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Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?

Solution:

It is necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to maintain efficient oxygen transport, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen for metabolism. This separation supports higher metabolic rates, essential for the active lifestyles of mammals and birds.

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What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?

Solution:

The transport system in highly organised plants comprises xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other parts, while phloem distributes organic nutrients, primarily sugars, produced during photosynthesis.

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How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Solution:

In plants, water and minerals are primarily transported through a system of specialized tissues known as xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. This process occurs through:

  • Root Absorption: Water is absorbed by the roots from the soil through osmosis.
  • Capillary Action: Water moves upward through the xylem vessels due to capillary action.
  • Transpiration: The evaporation of water from the leaves creates a negative pressure, pulling water up from the roots.

Minerals dissolved in the water are also transported along with it through the xylem. In addition to xylem, phloem is responsible for transporting organic nutrients, primarily sugars, from the leaves to other parts of the plant. This process is known as translocation and involves:

  • Source to Sink Movement: Sugars produced in the leaves (source) are transported to growing tissues or storage organs (sink).
  • Pressure Flow Hypothesis: A pressure gradient is created by the loading and unloading of sugars, facilitating the movement through phloem.

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How is food transported in plants?

Solution:

In plants, food is primarily transported through a specialized tissue called phloem. The process begins in the leaves, where photosynthesis occurs, producing sugars. These sugars are then loaded into the phloem and transported to various parts of the plant where they are needed for growth, energy, and storage.

The movement of food in phloem is driven by a pressure flow mechanism. This involves the creation of a high-pressure area in the source (usually the leaves) where sugars are produced and loaded into the phloem. The pressure difference facilitates the flow of the sugary sap to the sink regions (roots, fruits, or growing tissues) where the sugars are used or stored.

Additionally, companion cells play a crucial role in supporting the transport process by providing the necessary energy and facilitating the loading and unloading of sugars into the phloem.

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